Pharmacognosy-IIA (Advanced)

Introduction and use of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques for the identification of natural products. Description and interpretation of ultraviolet, infrared, mass, nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR) spectra and other advance techniques to elucidate the structure of natural products.

Introduction and classification of carbohydrates, sugars as adjuvant in drugs, role of impurities in sugar substances.

1. Sucrose and Sucrose containing drugs: Sucrose, Dextrose, Liquid glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Starch, Inulin, Dextrine etc.
2. Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives: Powdered cellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Sodium Carboxy-methyl cellulose.
3. Gums and Mucilage: Tragacanth, Acacia, Sodium Alginate, Agar, Pectin.

Introduction, Properties, Cassification, Function of alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests.

1. Pyridine-Piperidine Alkaloids: Areca nut, Lobelia.
2. Tropane Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium.
3. Quinoline Alkaloids:
4. Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium.
5. Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, Catharanthus, Nux vomica, Physostigma, Ergot.
6. Imidazole alkaloids:
7. Steroidal alkaloids:

Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, Colchicum

Introduction, classification, chemistry, extraction, isolation and medicinal uses of:

1. Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus and White squill.
2. Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal & Senna.
3. Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla.
4. Cyanophore glycosides: Wild cherry.
5. Isothiocyanate glycosides: Black mustard.
6. Lactone glycosides:
7. Aldehyde glycosides:
8. Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian, Quassia, Dioscorea

Introduction, extraction, isolation, nomenclature, sources and uses of bile acids, plant sterols, steroidal sapogenins, steroid hormones, withanolides and ecdysons.

Introduction, classification, source, active constituents and pharmacological uses of:

1. Fixed Oils: Castor oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sun flower oil, corn oil, coconut oil, almond oil, linseed oil, mustard oil, sesame oil and soybean oil.
2. Fats and Related Compounds: Theobroma oil and Lanolin.
3. Waxes: Bees wax, carnauba wax, spermaceti and Jojoba oil.